Jenkins持续集成入门指南：自动化构建与部署的最佳实践
·
目录
八、Jenkins pipeline构建前端node.js项目
编辑(3) Jenkins用户的公钥传给tomcat服务器的root用户
一、部署Jenkins
1. 安装
# 注意以下命令需要“科学上网”
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/jenkins.repo \
https://pkg.jenkins.io/redhat-stable/jenkins.repo
rpm --import https://pkg.jenkins.io/redhat-stable/jenkins.io-2023.key
yum upgrade #暂时未操作此步骤
yum install fontconfig java-21-openjdk -y
yum install jenkins git maven -y
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start jenkins
2. 查看初始化密码
cat /var/lib/jenkins/secrets/initialAdminPassword
3. 浏览器登录Jenkins
二、 Gitlab安装并创建测试项目
三、配置Jenkins连接Gitlab
1. 安装插件
2. 配置Gitlab凭证
3. 创建任务
# 可以查看一下Jenkins的工作目录（远程仓库的项目）
[root@Jenkins ~]# ls /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/FreeStyleTest
develop docs helloworld.py os_info.py README.md
[root@Jenkins ~]# cat /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/FreeStyleTest/helloworld.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
print("Hello World!")[root@Jenkins ~]#
四、配置邮件通知
1. 安装Email Extension插件
2. 配置SMTP服务器
3. 配置 Jenkins 任务的邮件通知
五、流水线
1. 安装插件
Pipeline 插件之前已经安装了，仅需要安装Pipeline: Stage View
流水线创建有3种方式：
1.通过 Blue Ocean - 在 Blue Ocean 中设置一个流水线项目后，Blue Ocean UI 会帮你编写流水线的
Jenkinsfile文件并提交到源代码管理系统。2.通过经典 UI - 尽管 Jenkins 支持在经典 UI 中直接进入流水线，但通常认为最好的实践是在
Jenkinsfile文件中定义流水线，Jenkins 之后会直接从源代码管理系统加载。3.在源码管理系统中定义 - 你可以手动编写一个
Jenkinsfile文件，然后提交到项目的源代码管理仓库中。
2. 创建Pipeline
3. 使用源代码管理
六、本地普通Java应用
1. Maven 构建示例
1.1 安装和配置maven
[root@tomcat ~]# yum -y install maven
[root@tomcat ~]# mvn --version
Apache Maven 3.6.3 (Red Hat 3.6.3-22)
Maven home: /usr/share/maven
Java version: 17.0.16, vendor: Red Hat, Inc., runtime: /usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-17.0.16.0.8-2.el9.x86_64
Default locale: en_US, platform encoding: UTF-8
OS name: "linux", version: "5.14.0-592.el9.x86_64", arch: "amd64", family: "unix"1.2 构建普通java应用
1. 2.1 创建一个简单的 Java 项目
（1）项目结构
my-java-project/
│
├── pom.xml
└── src/
└── main/
└── java/
└── com/
└── example/
└── App.java
(2)pom.xml 文件内容
创建 pom.xml 文件，设置 Maven 构建工具和相关依赖项：
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>my-java-project</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<dependencies>
<!-- JUnit 5 for testing -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
<version>5.7.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<configuration>
<source>17</source>
<target>17</target>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.1.0</version>
<configuration>
<archive>
<manifestEntries>
<Main-Class>com.example.App</Main-Class> <!-- 入口类 -->
</manifestEntries>
</archive>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
(3) App.java 文件内容
在 src/main/java/com/example/ 目录下创建 App.java 文件：
package com.example;
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
1.3 使用 Maven 构建并测试该项目
(1)构建项目
在项目根目录下运行以下命令来构建项目：
[root@tomcat my-java-project]# pwd
/my-java-project
[root@tomcat my-java-project]# mvn clean package
构建完成后，target/ 目录下会出现一个 my-java-project-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar 文件。
(2) 运行项目
[root@tomcat my-java-project]# java -jar target/my-java-project-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
Hello, World!1.4 上传项目源代码到gitlab服务器
1.4.1 gitlab服务器上创建新的仓库
1.4.2 存放项目源代码的机器上执行如下操作
cd my-java-project/
rm -rf target/
git config --global init.defaultBranch main
git init
git config --global user.email "ink@java.com"
git config --global user.name "ink_java"
git add .
git commit -m "Initial commit"
git log
git remote add origin http://192.168.159.133/root/my-java-project.git
git pull origin main --rebase
git push -u origin main1.5 Jenkins 配置 Maven 构建
1.5.1 安装maven插件（安装完重启）
1.5.2 配置jdk环境
1.5.3 配置Maven环境
1.5.4 执行构建
[root@Jenkins ~]# ls /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/my-java-project-build
pom.xml README.md src target
七、Java web 应用
总体步骤和六、本地普通Java应用大体一致。
jenkins用户生成和传公钥给tomcat服务器的root用户！！！
注意java maven 的版本兼容问题！！！
八、Jenkins pipeline构建前端node.js项目
1. tomcat服务器配置
# 安装 Node.js 和 npm
[root@tomcat ~]# dnf install nodejs npm -y
[root@tomcat ~]# node --version
v16.20.2
[root@tomcat ~]# npm --version
8.19.4
# 创建项目目录并初始化
[root@tomcat ~]# cd /opt/
[root@tomcat opt]# mkdir my-nodejs-movie-list
[root@tomcat opt]# cd my-nodejs-movie-list
[root@tomcat my-nodejs-movie-list]# npm init -y
Wrote to /opt/my-nodejs-movie-list/package.json:
{
"name": "my-nodejs-movie-list",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {
"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
},
"keywords": [],
"author": "",
"license": "ISC"
}
[root@tomcat my-nodejs-movie-list]# tree
.
├── app.js
├── ecosystem.config.js
├── movieData.js
└── package.json
0 directories, 4 files
# 启动服务器
[root@tomcat my-nodejs-movie-list]# node app.js
🎬 个人电影清单服务器已启动！
📍 服务器运行在: http://localhost:3000
👉 试试在浏览器打开: http://你的服务器IP:3000/movies
🛑 要停止服务器，请按 Ctrl + C
# 测试【另开启一个终端】
[root@tomcat ~]# curl http://localhost:3000/movies
{"success":true,"data":[{"id":1,"name":"阿凡达","year":"2009"},{"id":2,"name":"泰坦尼克号","year":"1997"},{"id":3,"name":"盗梦空间","year":"2010"}]}[root@tomcat ~]# 
# 测试2：添加一部新电影
[root@tomcat ~]# curl -X POST -d "name=星际穿越&year=2014" http://localhost:3000/movies
{"success":true,"message":"电影添加成功！","data":{"id":4,"name":"星际穿越","year":"2014"}}
[root@tomcat ~]# curl http://localhost:3000/movies
{"success":true,"data":[{"id":1,"name":"阿凡达","year":"2009"},{"id":2,"name":"泰坦尼克号","year":"1997"},{"id":3,"name":"盗梦空间","year":"2010"},{"id":4,"name":"星际穿越","year":"2014"}]}[root@tomcat ~]#
# 测试4：删除一部电影（例如删除ID为2的电影）
[root@tomcat ~]# curl -X DELETE http://localhost:3000/movies/2
[root@tomcat ~]# curl http://localhost:3000/movies
{"success":true,"data":[{"id":1,"name":"阿凡达","year":"2009"},{"id":3,"name":"盗梦空间","year":"2010"},{"id":4,"name":"星际穿越","year":"2014"}]}2. jenkins服务器配置
插件需求：
GitLab Plugin
SSH Pipeline Steps
NodeJS Plugin
Publish Over SSH
SSH Agent
（1）配置ssh凭据
（2）创建任务
(3) Jenkins用户的公钥传给tomcat服务器的root用户
[jenkins@Jenkins ~]$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.159.239
[jenkins@Jenkins ~]$ ssh root@192.168.159.239
Warning: your password will expire in 0 days.
Warning: your password will expire in 0 days.
Last login: Mon Nov 3 19:36:28 2025 from 192.168.159.134
[root@tomcat ~]# exit
logout
Connection to 192.168.159.239 closed.3. gitlab服务器配置
（1）上传Jenkins公钥
(2) 创建项目和文件Jenkinsfile
pipeline {
agent any
stages {
stage('Test SSH Connection') {
steps {
script {
// 测试方法1：使用 sshagent
sshagent(['jenkins-ssh-159-239']) {
sh """
echo "=== 测试 SSH 连接 ==="
ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no root@192.168.159.239 "
echo '连接成功！'
echo '当前用户: \$(whoami)'
echo '当前目录: \$(pwd)'
echo 'Node.js 版本:'
node -v
echo '系统信息:'
uname -a
"
"""
}
}
}
}
}
post {
always {
echo "SSH 连接测试完成"
}
}
}
4. 最终构建
以上配置完成，执行构建
查看控制台输出
Started by user Ink
Obtained Jenkinsfile from git git@192.168.159.133:root/nodejs.git
[Pipeline] Start of Pipeline
[Pipeline] node
Running on Jenkins in /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/nodejs
[Pipeline] {
[Pipeline] stage
[Pipeline] { (Declarative: Checkout SCM)
[Pipeline] checkout
Selected Git installation does not exist. Using Default
The recommended git tool is: NONE
using credential jenkins-ssh-159-239
> git rev-parse --resolve-git-dir /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/nodejs/.git # timeout=10
Fetching changes from the remote Git repository
> git config remote.origin.url git@192.168.159.133:root/nodejs.git # timeout=10
Fetching upstream changes from git@192.168.159.133:root/nodejs.git
> git --version # timeout=10
> git --version # 'git version 2.47.3'
using GIT_SSH to set credentials SSH Key For tomcat 192.168.159.239
[INFO] SELinux is present on the host and we could not confirm that it does not apply actively: will try to relabel temporary files now; this may complain if context labeling not applicable after all
> /usr/bin/chcon --type=ssh_home_t /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/nodejs@tmp/jenkins-gitclient-ssh4028068105717078342.key
Verifying host key using known hosts file
> git fetch --tags --force --progress -- git@192.168.159.133:root/nodejs.git +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* # timeout=10
> git rev-parse refs/remotes/origin/main^{commit} # timeout=10
Checking out Revision cd869dc0b9ca6ad3ee2bd62bb18f35809a3e0f98 (refs/remotes/origin/main)
> git config core.sparsecheckout # timeout=10
> git checkout -f cd869dc0b9ca6ad3ee2bd62bb18f35809a3e0f98 # timeout=10
Commit message: "添加Jenkinsfile"
> git rev-list --no-walk cd869dc0b9ca6ad3ee2bd62bb18f35809a3e0f98 # timeout=10
[Pipeline] }
[Pipeline] // stage
[Pipeline] withEnv
[Pipeline] {
[Pipeline] stage
[Pipeline] { (Test SSH Connection)
[Pipeline] script
[Pipeline] {
[Pipeline] sshagent
[ssh-agent] Using credentials git (SSH Key For tomcat 192.168.159.239)
$ ssh-agent
SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXG6jrmK/agent.6473
SSH_AGENT_PID=6476
Running ssh-add (command line suppressed)
Identity added: /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/nodejs@tmp/private_key_16695974110225731368.key (jenkins@Jenkins)
[ssh-agent] Started.
[Pipeline] {
[Pipeline] sh
+ echo '=== 测试 SSH 连接 ==='
=== 测试 SSH 连接 ===
++ whoami
++ pwd
+ ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no root@192.168.159.239 '
echo '\''连接成功！'\''
echo '\''当前用户: jenkins'\''
echo '\''当前目录: /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/nodejs'\''
echo '\''Node.js 版本:'\''
node -v
echo '\''系统信息:'\''
uname -a
'
Warning: your password will expire in 0 days.
连接成功！
当前用户: jenkins
当前目录: /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/nodejs
Node.js 版本:
v16.20.2
系统信息:
Linux tomcat 5.14.0-592.el9.x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Jun 6 09:58:38 UTC 2025 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[Pipeline] }
$ ssh-agent -k
unset SSH_AUTH_SOCK;
unset SSH_AGENT_PID;
echo Agent pid 6476 killed;
[ssh-agent] Stopped.
[Pipeline] // sshagent
[Pipeline] }
[Pipeline] // script
[Pipeline] }
[Pipeline] // stage
[Pipeline] stage
[Pipeline] { (Declarative: Post Actions)
[Pipeline] echo
SSH 连接测试完成
[Pipeline] }
[Pipeline] // stage
[Pipeline] }
[Pipeline] // withEnv
[Pipeline] }
[Pipeline] // node
[Pipeline] End of Pipeline
Finished: SUCCESS
检测
九、Slave
1. 准备工作
1.1 系统信息
| 组件 | IP 地址 | 已安装软件 |
|---|---|---|
| JenkinsMaster | 192.168.159.134 | Jenkins (已运行) |
| JenkinsSlave | 192.168.159.135 | JDK 21, Maven 3.6.3 |
1.2 网络要求
-
确保 Master 和 Slave 之间网络互通
-
检查防火墙设置，确保 SSH 端口(22)开放2.
2. Slave 节点配置
2.1 创建专用用户
# 在 Slave 节点上执行
useradd -m -d /home/jenkins -s /bin/bash jenkins
passwd jenkins # 设置密码，如设置为 123
# 创建工作目录
mkdir -p /opt/jenkins/workspace
chown jenkins:jenkins /opt/jenkins/workspace2.2 配置环境变量
# 切换到 jenkins 用户
su - jenkins
# 编辑 .bashrc 文件,添加以下内容
vim ~/.bashrc
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-21.0.8.0.9-1.el9.x86_64
export MAVEN_HOME=/usr/share/maven
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$MAVEN_HOME/bin:$PATH
# 使配置生效
source ~/.bashrc
# 验证安装
[jenkins@JenkinsSlave ~]$ java --version
openjdk 21.0.8 2025-07-15 LTS
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (Red_Hat-21.0.8.0.9-1) (build 21.0.8+9-LTS)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (Red_Hat-21.0.8.0.9-1) (build 21.0.8+9-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)
[jenkins@JenkinsSlave ~]$ mvn --version
Apache Maven 3.6.3 (Red Hat 3.6.3-22)
Maven home: /usr/share/maven
Java version: 21.0.8, vendor: Red Hat, Inc., runtime: /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-21.0.8.0.9-1.el9.x86_64
Default locale: en_US, platform encoding: UTF-8
OS name: "linux", version: "5.14.0-592.el9.x86_64", arch: "amd64", family: "unix"3. Master 节点配置
注意：将Master节点的Jenkins用户的公钥传给Slave节点的Jenkins用户！
3.1 添加 SSH 凭证
3.2 创建 Slave 节点
4. 连接验证
5. 流水线测试
pipeline {
agent {
label 'jdk21' // 使用我们配置的标签
}
stages {
stage('Check Environment') {
steps {
echo "Running on node: ${env.NODE_NAME}"
sh 'java -version'
sh 'mvn -v'
sh 'echo "Workspace: $WORKSPACE"'
}
}
}
}
验证构建
检查 /opt/jenkins/workspace目录下是否生成了构建产物
[jenkins@JenkinsSlave workspace]$ pwd
/opt/jenkins/workspace
[jenkins@JenkinsSlave workspace]$ ls
[jenkins@JenkinsSlave workspace]$ ls
caches workspace
十、Gitlab webhook
在之前构建成功的项目基础上添加触发器配置（以node.js项目为基础）
1. jenkins服务器配置
2. gitlab服务器配置
3. 检测与验证
十一、参数化构建
1. Gitlab创建测试项目
1.1 创建新分支
1.2 Jenkinsfile
pipeline {
agent any
parameters {
string(name: 'VERSION', defaultValue: '1.0.0', description: '版本号')
choice(name: 'ENVIRONMENT', choices: ['dev', 'staging', 'prod'], description: '选择部署环境')
}
stages {
stage('Build') {
steps {
script {
echo "构建版本：${params.VERSION}"
echo "部署环境：${params.ENVIRONMENT}"
// 模拟构建操作
echo "正在构建项目..."
// 假设我们在这里执行构建脚本，例如：
// sh "mvn clean install -Dversion=${params.VERSION}"
}
}
}
stage('Deploy') {
steps {
script {
echo "开始部署到环境: ${params.ENVIRONMENT}"
if (params.ENVIRONMENT == 'dev') {
echo "部署到开发环境..."
} else if (params.ENVIRONMENT == 'staging') {
echo "部署到预生产环境..."
} else {
echo "部署到生产环境..."
}
// 在实际情况下，你可以在这里执行部署脚本
// 例如：
// sh "./deploy.sh ${params.ENVIRONMENT} ${params.VERSION}"
}
}
}
stage('Test') {
steps {
script {
echo "运行测试..."
// 假设执行测试脚本
// sh "mvn test"
}
}
}
}
post {
success {
echo "构建和部署成功!"
}
failure {
echo "构建或部署失败."
}
}
}
2. 创建参数化构建Job
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