前言

Docker Compose是管理多容器应用的利器。本文介绍Docker Compose的高级用法和最佳实践。

---

一、Compose基础

1. 基本结构

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  web:
    image: nginx:latest
    ports:
      - "80:80"
    volumes:
      - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html

  db:
    image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root123
    volumes:
      - db_data:/var/lib/mysql

volumes:
  db_data:

2. 常用命令

# 启动
docker-compose up -d

# 停止
docker-compose down

# 查看状态
docker-compose ps

# 查看日志
docker-compose logs -f

# 重启服务
docker-compose restart

# 进入容器
docker-compose exec web bash

---

二、服务依赖

1. depends_on

services:
  web:
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
      redis:
        condition: service_started

  db:
    image: mysql:8.0
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "ping", "-h", "localhost"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

2. 健康检查

services:
  web:
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost"]
      interval: 30s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 3
      start_period: 40s

---

三、资源限制

1. CPU和内存限制

services:
  web:
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: '0.5'
          memory: 512M
        reservations:
          cpus: '0.25'
          memory: 256M

2. 扩展副本

services:
  web:
    deploy:
      replicas: 3
      update_config:
        parallelism: 1
        delay: 10s
      restart_policy:
        condition: on-failure

---

四、网络配置

1. 自定义网络

networks:
  frontend:
    driver: bridge
  backend:
    driver: bridge
    internal: true

services:
  web:
    networks:
      - frontend
      - backend
  db:
    networks:
      - backend

2. 服务发现

services:
  web:
    networks:
      app_net:
        aliases:
          - api.local
          - web.local

networks:
  app_net:

---

五、实战案例

1. WordPress完整部署

version: '3.8'

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
      - ./wordpress:/var/www/html:ro
    depends_on:
      - wordpress

  wordpress:
    image: wordpress:php8.2-fpm-alpine
    volumes:
      - ./wordpress:/var/www/html
    environment:
      WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: db
      WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: wordpress
      WORDPRESS_DB_USER: wordpress
      WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: wp_password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy

  db:
    image: mysql:8.0
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root_password
      MYSQL_DATABASE: wordpress
      MYSQL_USER: wordpress
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: wp_password
    volumes:
      - db_data:/var/lib/mysql
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "ping", "-h", "localhost"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

volumes:
  db_data:

2. 监控栈

version: '3.8'

services:
  prometheus:
    image: prom/prometheus
    volumes:
      - ./prometheus/prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
    ports:
      - "9090:9090"

  grafana:
    image: grafana/grafana
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD: admin
    volumes:
      - grafana_data:/var/lib/grafana

  node-exporter:
    image: prom/node-exporter
    ports:
      - "9100:9100"

volumes:
  grafana_data:

---

六、最佳实践

1. 环境变量

# .env
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret
WORDPRESS_URL=https://example.com

# docker-compose.yml
services:
  db:
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}

2. 多Compose文件

# 基础配置
docker-compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d

---

七、总结

Docker Compose优势：

1. 一键部署多容器应用
2. 声明式配置，易于版本管理
3. 服务编排，自动处理依赖
4. 资源控制，合理分配资源
5. 网络隔离，安全可靠

---

提醒：本文内容基于公开资料整理，实际选择时请以各服务商官方信息为准。
本文内容部分信息摘自vpsvip.net主机测评网站